War is a pervasive global phenomenon; Ambiguity, complexity and multidimensionality; The most important feature is the newest combat method. Combined war is a wide range of dimensions and components in a homogeneous and heterogeneous manner, which is used in this type of war, which is considered a non-linear war.  For this reason, a constant vigilance against the enemy is one of the musts of an independent system with many enemies. With the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the enemies have started enmity and hatred against the holy system of Iran in different ways and by creating diversity. Based on this, the main goal of the research is to answer the question, "How is the passive attack in hybrid warfare?" The current research is of applied type, descriptive-analytical research method and mixed research approach. The statistical population of experts for the interview of this research is estimated to be 14 people. The sampling method was purposeful, homogeneous and heterogeneous until the theoretical saturation of the data. By using the method of collecting data in the form of library and field with the determination tools of these two methods and also by using the descriptive-analytical method, an attempt was made to determine the components and sub-components of passive offense in combined warfare. The findings of the research show that passive offense as one of the dimensions of combined warfare with eight components including "cognitive, economic, social, cyber, cultural, informational, political, legal and environmental" and 42 sub-components are effective in combined warfare.

The overriding criticism directed to the law of prevention and fighting fraud in producing scientific works enacted 1392 is focusing on combating the producer of the scientific works and has not criminalized the conduct of the consumer. With considering this point that in this offence, there are two parties means client (consumer) and agent (producer) and perhaps the role of client is more noticeable in committing the offense. This legislature’ s action is not true (rightful) that it confronts the agent but has neglected to criminalize precisely the behavior of the client clearly. It is possible to think that the client’ s behavior can be introduced in the form of an incitement or allurement and this thought is also in most cases is not true because the agent before and without an incitement of his client is ready to accept the consumers’ orders. From the point of actus reus, the fraud offense in ordering the scientific works is a strict liability crime. Just with ordering, supplying and delivering these works as job or profession, the offense is occurred and there is no need to any result such as the usage of the client or granting privilege and etc. but from mens rea point for its occurrence, specific intent (crime) to make profit is necessary. Actually, it is a strict liability crime that it needs a specific intent for its occurrence.

Objective: Active and passive smoking lead to the production of a number of oxidants and antioxidants with various adverse health effects compromising the immune system. Tobacco use increases the production of free radicals as well. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of passive smoking on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of serum and saliva in rats.Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 18 rats with an age range of 7-11 weeks weighing 160-200 g; 9 of them were exposed to cigarette smoke 3 times daily for 8 minutes. The 9 controls were not exposed to cigarette smoke. After injection of 0.2 mg/kg midazolam and 0.5 mg/kg pilocarpine, serum and saliva samples were taken from subjects in the exposure and control groups at 0, 15 and 30 days. Serum cotinine was measured using ELISA kit. TAC of saliva and serum was measured using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. TAC values at different time points were statistically analyzed in each group using Repeated Measures ANOVA and compared between the two groups using t-test.Results: At baseline, no significant difference existed between the two groups in terms of serum cotinine concentration but at days 15 and 30, cotinine serum concentration significantly increased in the exposure group. At baseline and 30 days, no significant difference existed between the two groups of passive smoker and non-smoker in terms of serum TAC values but at day 15, serum TAC values were significantly higher in the exposure group. Also, TAC of salivawas significantly higher in the passive smoker group at baseline and at day 15 but at day 30, the difference in this respect between the two groups was not statistically significant.Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, changes in TAC of serum and saliva in rats due to exposure to cigarette smoke were compensated by their immune system activity. However, further investigations are still required in this respect.

According to the law passed in 1929, the offense of unlawful transfer of other peoples property is considered as a special type of the offense of fraud. In this offense as in the offense of fraud, the perpetrator transfers other peoples property to the third person with trickery and deception. While he, at the moment of transference, realizes that the property does not belong to him and is not authorized by the owner as well. But, he refuses to tell the truth. Of course, it should also be observed that according to this law, in the event that the transference, at the moment of transference, is aware of the fact, but remains silent, he would also have found guilty.It is noteworthy that in conformity with the above-mentioned law, under special conditions, the real owner of the property may also be counted as the accomplice.

Expansion of NATO and the EU to the East created an atmosphere of strategic uncertainty in Western government relations with Russia, at the cost of intensification of security issue all over Central Eurasia and prompted Moscow into taking tough, and in some cases inconsistent with regional peace and stability, decisions. In these conditions, the convergence of the governments desiring change of global governance can alleviate the aggressive behavior towards the arrogance system and pursue the concept of change in the status quo in a more peaceful manner. The present paper explains this approach based on the impact of “Iran’s Special Ties with Russia in Strategic Spheres” on “Predictability of Moscow Behaviors and Alleviation of Security Challenge in Central Eurasia due to Change of Equation of Russia’s Foreign and Defense Policy from Offence to Defense.” Thus, the paper is seeking a proper answer for the question “What are the reasons and Channels of Iran’s impact on Russian change of approach from offence to defense, and therefore, alleviation of security issues in Central Eurasia?”  The primary answer of the paper to the question lies in “Natural Alliance of Iran and Russia”, and the main reason of Iran’s influence on the development in the Offence-Defense equation of Russia is the “common threats and concerns of Iran and Russia from the West and compatibility of the two countries’ interests in stopping western expansionism in the northern and Western borders”. The current paper is of the Analytical-Descriptive type and the method used is inferential and the findings of the paper which are mostly analyzed based on references to objective-historical evidence and logical reasoning are proof of the truth of the primary answers.

Conspiracy in Egyptian Legislation is divided in two parts; General conspiracy and particular. Legislator of Iran in article 610 and 611, in the law of ta, zir, Have talked specially about conspiracy. In the first one has Generalized Criminalization of conspiracy into all offence against Internal and external security and in the second one has depend it into prepare of executive acts and Failure because of a cause outside the will. Unlike the Iranian legislator that has taken all conspiracy with any degree as a crime in Egyptian Legislation it embrace just Offenses and crimes. Also in particular conspiracy the Crimes are separated exactly and can't be leaded to Muharebe while in Iran's law it can be result in Muharebe in conspiracy against security and in other crimes its retribution hasn’ t any fitting whit offences against security. This article, that come to end whit Analytical and comparative method, has considered The law of Iran and Egypt and Legal doctrine and Expressed Difference and similarity and pay attention to distinctions between them and recommended Iranian legislator to added some acts and promote law.

The multiple Result is a situation that several results may stem from one criminal behaviour. Is the multiple Result an example of the spiritual or physical multiple crimes? There are different opinions among lawyers. Formerly, it has been considered as a multiple crime by the judicial president and equal to criminal behaviour with various titles. In 2013, Iranian Parliament with providing a criminal legislative policy and enacting Article 134 (Note1), determined the multiple result as physical (material) multiplicity and ended these dissensions. The multiple result could be realized within the multiple victim of an offence and subject of crime, and this condition is different from the situation that is resulted in several implications from one criminal behaviour. Although, the multiple result is similar to spiritual (moral) or physical (material) multiplicity in different ways, it is a different conception from those two. The purpose of this research is providing a description and analyzation of this subject and its constituent elements, investigation of its real position and implications and expression of its differences and similarities towards the multiple crime such as spiritual (moral) or physical (material), that would be studied by the descriptive and analytic method.

Despite the recognition of the concept of political offense and even in the golden ages of the leniency regime in favor of political offenders, the Western Law has never provided a set of unambiguous laws regarding political offenses or in determination of who qualifies as a political offender. None of the main legal systems including France, as the founder of the concept of separation of political and non-political offenses, at any time, have incorporated the definition of political offense. However, mainly in cases of "extradition", the Courts have traditionally taken upon themselves to determine the offenders of crimes of such nature. The historical custom of "avoiding the legal definition of political offenses" which, contrary to the popular belief, is not a result of frustration or compulsion by the legislator's part, but due to respect of free will and expedience by legal systems. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, has required the legislator to define the concept of political offense which is a practical approach by the Constitution. The Law on Political Offense is yet to be approved after more than two decades of continuous efforts to realize the mandate of Article 168. Nevertheless, it deems necessary to disregard the mentioned stipulation and choose the expedient approach.